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Vibration and/or audio beeps by varying its frequency with the change in distance of They convey the distance information about the nearest detected obstacle through Miniguide, 6 RAY, 7 and PalmSonar 8 are handheld ultrasonic sensor-based commercial obstacle detection systems. ![]() Very few devices have continuously evolved and are commercially available. Include devices such as Sonic guide, Path sounder, Mowat sensor, Sonic Pathfinder,Įtc. Dozens of devices have beenĭeveloped over the last several decades. Through the haptics, audio or tactile interfaces. for detection of objects in their field and convey this information to the user Obstacle detection systems make use of laser, infrared, ultrasonic sensors, cameras,Įtc. 5 According to Wiener et al., 3 an assistive technology solution must try to address the following identified Less stressful, more safe, comfortable, and simplified navigation task. and would help in better orientation in the environment which in turn lead to Such solutions would improve the detection range of obstacles, objects, landmarks,Įtc. Guiding the user by providing the required orientation and navigation information. ![]() ![]() The limitations of traditional assistive solutions led to the development ofĮlectronic assistive travel aids, for the purpose of detection of objects as well as These accidents reduced theĬonfidence and forced a substantial number of respondents to change their mobility habits. 3 It is reported that walking without sight poses risk of head-level and fallĪccidents that often require medical attention. Tripping pedestrians in crowded places, and no protection of the upper part of theīody from the hanging or protruding obstacles which do not have significantįootprint on the ground. There are many limitations of the long cane like uncertainty inĭiscrimination and protection against drop-offs, limited preview range, danger of 2 Effective cane usage involves learning of orientation and mobility Touch by cane often results in embarrassing situations. Information about the ground-level obstacles and the surfaces. It increases the detection range to nearly a meter and provides rich Long canes are the most popular and commonly used assistive device around Use of guide dogs is not universal and is limited mainly to developedĬountries. Navigation aids: long (white) canes and guide dogs for overcoming the mobilityĬhallenges. Persons with blindness primarily rely on sighted guidance and traditional travel and Mobility for a blind person involves perception of obstacles, landmarks, and orientation. According to Brambring's model for locomotion of blind, the Involves avoidance of obstacles, orientation in the environment, and navigation.Įnvironmental access involves minimization of hazards and access to signs and Travel can be defined as a combination of mobility and environmental access. Perception bandwidth of alternate senses pose serious challenges that severelyĪffect independent travel and safety which in turn affects their quality of Hearing for accomplishing the travel task. Vision, a person with blindness has to rely on alternate senses of touch, smell, and We travel for education, work,ĭaily living, social integration, and various other reasons. Traveling is an integral part of everyone's life. Analysis reveals that several factors need serious consideration in theĭesign of such assistive technology solutions. ![]() With the close involvement of users from the initial to the final validation Literature, the authors proposed that holistic solutions need to be developed Based on observations and detailed review of available Interface to ensure safety, orientation, and independent mobility is still an Conveying the required information promptly through the preferred Systems are at prototyping stages and need to be evaluated and validated by the The real challenge is in conveying this information in a simplifiedĪnd understandable form especially when the alternate senses of hearing, touch,Īnd smell have much lesser perception bandwidth than that of vision. Processing techniques are being used to capture details of the surroundingĮnvironment. Technology-centeredĪpproach with limited focus on the user needs is one of the major concerns in Solutions address a specific part of the travel problem. Pedestrians with visual impairment and reveals that most of the existing This work systematically reviews the assistive technology solutions for
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